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                                                           液壓系統的形式

    液壓(ya)元件逐步實現(xian)了標準(zhun)化(hua)、系列化(hua)、化(hua),其(qi)規格、品(pin)種、質量、性能都有(you)了很大提(ti)高,尤其(qi)是采用電子技術、伺服技術等新技術新工藝后,液壓(ya)系統的質量得到了顯著的提(ti)高,其(qi)在國民經濟中發揮了重(zhong)大作用。

  從(cong)不(bu)同的角度出發(fa),可以把液壓(ya)系統分成(cheng)不(bu)同的形式。

  (1)按油(you)(you)(you)液(ye)的(de)(de)(de)循環方(fang)式(shi),液(ye)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)可分為(wei)開(kai)式(shi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)和閉式(shi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)。開(kai)式(shi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)是指液(ye)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)泵(beng)(beng)從(cong)油(you)(you)(you)箱(xiang)吸油(you)(you)(you),油(you)(you)(you)經各種(zhong)控(kong)制閥后(hou),驅動液(ye)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)執行(xing)元件,回(hui)油(you)(you)(you)再(zai)經過(guo)(guo)換(huan)向(xiang)閥回(hui)油(you)(you)(you)箱(xiang)。這種(zhong)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)結構較(jiao)(jiao)為(wei)簡(jian)單(dan)(dan),可以發揮(hui)油(you)(you)(you)箱(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)散(san)熱、沉淀(dian)雜(za)質作(zuo)用,但因油(you)(you)(you)液(ye)常與空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)接觸,使空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)易于滲入系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong),導致(zhi)機(ji)構運(yun)動不(bu)(bu)平穩(wen)等(deng)后(hou)果(guo)。開(kai)式(shi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)油(you)(you)(you)箱(xiang)大,油(you)(you)(you)泵(beng)(beng)自吸性能好(hao)。閉式(shi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)中(zhong),液(ye)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)泵(beng)(beng)的(de)(de)(de)進(jin)油(you)(you)(you)管(guan)直接與執行(xing)元件的(de)(de)(de)回(hui)油(you)(you)(you)管(guan)相連,工作(zuo)液(ye)體在系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)管(guan)路中(zhong)進(jin)行(xing)封閉循環。其(qi)結構緊湊,與空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)接觸機(ji)會少,空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)不(bu)(bu)易滲入系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong),故傳動較(jiao)(jiao)平穩(wen)。工作(zuo)機(ji)構的(de)(de)(de)變(bian)速和換(huan)向(xiang)靠(kao)調節泵(beng)(beng)或馬達的(de)(de)(de)變(bian)量(liang)機(ji)構實現(xian),避(bi)免了開(kai)式(shi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)換(huan)向(xiang)過(guo)(guo)程中(zhong)所(suo)(suo)出現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)液(ye)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)沖擊和能量(liang)損失。但閉式(shi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)較(jiao)(jiao)開(kai)式(shi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)復雜(za),因無油(you)(you)(you)箱(xiang),油(you)(you)(you)液(ye)的(de)(de)(de)散(san)熱和過(guo)(guo)濾條件較(jiao)(jiao)差。為(wei)補償系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)泄(xie)漏(lou),通常需要(yao)一個小流量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)補油(you)(you)(you)泵(beng)(beng)和油(you)(you)(you)箱(xiang)。由于單(dan)(dan)桿(gan)雙作(zuo)用油(you)(you)(you)缸大小腔流量(liang)不(bu)(bu)等(deng),在工作(zuo)過(guo)(guo)程中(zhong)會使功率利用下降(jiang),所(suo)(suo)以閉式(shi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)執行(xing)元件一般(ban)為(wei)液(ye)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)馬達。

  (2)按系統中液壓(ya)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)的數目,可(ke)分(fen)為單(dan)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)系統,雙(shuang)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)系統和多泵(beng)(beng)(beng)系統。

  (3)按(an)所用液壓(ya)泵形式的(de)不同,可(ke)分(fen)為(wei)定量(liang)(liang)(liang)泵系(xi)統和變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)泵系(xi)統。變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)泵的(de)優點是在調節范圍之(zhi)內(nei),可(ke)以充分(fen)利(li)用發動機的(de)功(gong)率(lv),但其結構和制造工藝復雜,成本高,可(ke)分(fen)為(wei)手動變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)、盡(jin)可(ke)能控(kong)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)、伺(si)服(fu)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)、壓(ya)力補(bu)償變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)、恒壓(ya)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)、液壓(ya)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)等多種方式。

  (4)按向執(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)元(yuan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)供(gong)油方式的(de)(de)不同,可分(fen)為串(chuan)聯(lian)系統和并聯(lian)系統。串(chuan)聯(lian)系統中(zhong),上一(yi)個(ge)執(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)元(yuan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)回油即為下一(yi)個(ge)執(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)元(yuan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)進油,每通過一(yi)個(ge)執(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)元(yuan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)壓力(li)(li)就(jiu)要降低一(yi)次。在串(chuan)聯(lian)系統中(zhong),當(dang)主泵向多路閥(fa)控制的(de)(de)各執(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)元(yuan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)供(gong)油時,只要液(ye)壓泵的(de)(de)出口壓力(li)(li)足夠,便可以(yi)實現各執(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)元(yuan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)運(yun)動的(de)(de)復合。但(dan)由于執(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)元(yuan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)壓力(li)(li)是疊加(jia)的(de)(de),所以(yi)克(ke)服外(wai)載(zai)能力(li)(li)將隨執(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)元(yuan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)數量(liang)的(de)(de)增加(jia)而降低。

  并聯系(xi)統中(zhong),當一臺液壓泵(beng)向一組(zu)執行(xing)元件(jian)供油時(shi),進(jin)入各執行(xing)元件(jian)的(de)流(liu)(liu)量只(zhi)是(shi)液壓泵(beng)輸出流(liu)(liu)量的(de)一部(bu)分。流(liu)(liu)量的(de)分配(pei)隨(sui)各件(jian)上外載(zai)荷的(de)不同而變(bian)化,首(shou)先進(jin)入外載(zai)荷較小的(de)執行(xing)元件(jian),只(zhi)有當各執行(xing)元件(jian)上外載(zai)荷相等時(shi),才能實現同時(shi)動作。

  全液(ye)壓傳動機械(xie)性(xing)能的優劣(lie),主要取決于(yu)液(ye)壓系(xi)統性(xing)能的好(hao)壞,包括所(suo)用(yong)元(yuan)件質量(liang)優劣(lie),基本(ben)回(hui)路是(shi)否恰當(dang)等。系(xi)統性(xing)能的好(hao)壞,除滿足使用(yong)功(gong)能要求外,應從液(ye)壓系(xi)統的效率(lv)、功(gong)率(lv)利(li)用(yong)、調速范圍和微調特(te)性(xing)、振動和噪聲以及系(xi)統的安(an)裝和調試(shi)是(shi)否方(fang)便可靠等方(fang)面進(jin)行。

  現代工程(cheng)機(ji)械(xie)幾乎都(dou)采用了液壓(ya)系統(tong),并且(qie)與電子系統(tong)、計算(suan)機(ji)控制(zhi)技術結合,成為現代工程(cheng)機(ji)械(xie)的重要組成部分。


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